Start up the Mac whilst holding down ⌘-S. After a few moments, you'll see the Mac boot to the command line. Before continuing, the filesystem must be checked and mounted, so files are't immediately accessible to interact with. To do this, enter the two commands that are displayed within the prompt, one at a time. The Raspberry Pi is a tiny and affordable computer that you can use to learn programming through fun, practical projects. Join the global Raspberry Pi community. Restart your Mac and hold down the Command and R keys immediately after you hear the startup chime. Keep holding them until you see the Apple logo. Wait until you see the OS X Utilities windows Select Disk Utility and click Continue. Mac OS X & macOS names. As you can see from the list above, with the exception of the first OS X beta, all versions of the Mac operating system from 2001 to 2012 were all named after big cats. How To: Dual Boot Mac OS X Mavericks 10.9 & Yosemite 10.10 How To: Rename Multiple Files at Once in Mac OS X Yosemite How To: Create a Bootable Install USB Drive of Mac OS X 10.11 El Capitan How To: Protect Yourself from Someone Trying to Hack into Your Mac.
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Change your desktop picture from System Preferences
- Choose Apple menu > System Preferences.
- Click Desktop & Screensaver.
- From the Desktop pane, select a folder of images on the left, then click an image on the right to change your desktop picture.
In macOS Mojave or later, you can also choose from Dynamic Desktop images, which automatically change throughout the day based on the time of day in your location.
Add a folder of your own images
To add a folder of your own images, click the add button (+) below the list of folders, then choose the folder that contains your images.
For best results, choose images that are stored on your startup disk. Images stored on a different disk might not load reliably after restarting your Mac, depending on how quickly the other disk becomes available after startup.
Change your desktop picture from Photos
- Open the Photos app.
- If you're using multiple displays, drag the Photos window over the desktop that you want to change.
- Control-click (or right-click) the image that you want to use.
- Select Share from the shortcut menu, then choose Set Desktop Picture from the submenu.
Change your desktop picture from the Finder
- From a Finder window or your desktop, locate the image file that you want to use.
- Control-click (or right-click) the file, then choose Set Desktop Picture from the shortcut menu. If you're using multiple displays, this changes the wallpaper of your primary display only.
If you don't see Set Desktop Picture in the shortcut menu, you should see a submenu named Services instead. Choose Set Desktop Picture from there.
Learn more
- If Location Services is turned off, Dynamic Desktop images change throughout the day based on the time zone selected in Date & Time preferences, not based on your specific location.
- You can use these image formats for desktop pictures: PNG, JPEG, TIFF and PICT.
- For more information about the settings in Desktop preferences, click in the corner of the Desktop preferences window.
The underpinnings of Back to My Mac are fairly dense, but interesting, as Apple is mashing up a lot of protocols to punch tunnels through Internet architecture that wasn't designed to be tunneled through.
Back to My Mac starts with a .Mac account as the fundamental. The .Mac service becomes the central point for authentication—proving your identity—and for connecting resources located at different locations on the Internet.
This binding puts together lots of pieces, worth picking apart one at a time:
BonjourBonjour allows services on a computer or device to advertise themselves across a network so that other equipment can discover them. Printers, Web servers, and a host of other protocols can be discoverable over a local network with Bonjour. Bonjour only works only local networks, however; it's blocked by gateways, like an AirPort Extreme Base Station, that connects different networks, such as your Internet connection to your local machines.
Port Mapping Super cratebox 1 bit mac os. Most Wi-Fi and broadband routers support a protocol called Network Address Translation (NAT). NAT was created in part to deal with a shortage of IP addresses in the current IP system, known as IPv4. (IPv6 will solve the shortage, but it's only very slowly rolled out over nearly a decade because of how much infrastructure must change.)
NAT makes use of private IP address ranges that can be used on local networks. These private ranges—ranges starting with 192.168.0.0 and 10.0.0.0, for instance—are guaranteed to not be assigned on the public Internet.
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A NAT gateways typically works with DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol). A DHCP server on the gateway pulls an address from a private range, and NAT handles requests that originate from the private range for the wide-area network, typically the Internet, for which the request is bound.
NAT uses ports to handle requests; ports are a fundamental building block of Internet networking. Where IP addresses uniquely define a computer or server somewhere on the Internet, ports define services at those addresses. Think of apartment buildings, which have a street number that uniquely defines their absolute location, and an apartment number, which lets you find the manager's office or the laundry.
Common services like a Web server, Apple Filing Protocol (AFP), and FTP all have agreed-on ports that are used throughout the net for inbound access, like a request for a Web page. Outbound requests originate at randomly selected port numbers, as they're only important for creating the association.
For instance, port 80 is used by default for all Web servers. If I try to load Macworld.com, which has an IP address of 70.42.185.230, from my Web browser, my computer first sends the request to the gateway, which my computer knows is the next step to reach the Internet. I might send a request for 70.42.185.230 port 80 from my computer at 192.168.1.100 port 11283. The NAT gateway receives the requests, makes a note of the port that I used to send the request, and opens a connection to Macworld's Web server using its own port. When the connection is opened back to that NAT-handled port, the NAT gateway passes the traffic back to my computer on the private network.
These dynamically created NAT ports don't allow persistent connections, which are needed for reaching computers from outside a private network. That's where NAT-PMP (Port Mapping Protocol) and UPnP (Universal Plug and Play) come into being. NAT-PMP is an Apple-developed protocol open to the industry; UPnP is more widely used at present, though has many acknowledged limitations. Back to My Mac works with either standard.
Both NAT-PMP and UPnP allow a program on a computer on a private network to request a persistent open connection to the outside world. The gateway creates a fixed port for this program, and lets the program know which port is being used. That allows an outside connection to that port to reach a privately addressed computer reliably.
Where you can run into trouble here is that Internet service providers often use NAT themselves, built into the modems they provide to you or at a higher level of the network. You can sometimes be behind three levels of NAT, and that might be impenetrable to Apple's current iteration of Back to My Mac.
NAT uses ports to handle requests; ports are a fundamental building block of Internet networking. Where IP addresses uniquely define a computer or server somewhere on the Internet, ports define services at those addresses. Think of apartment buildings, which have a street number that uniquely defines their absolute location, and an apartment number, which lets you find the manager's office or the laundry.
Common services like a Web server, Apple Filing Protocol (AFP), and FTP all have agreed-on ports that are used throughout the net for inbound access, like a request for a Web page. Outbound requests originate at randomly selected port numbers, as they're only important for creating the association.
For instance, port 80 is used by default for all Web servers. If I try to load Macworld.com, which has an IP address of 70.42.185.230, from my Web browser, my computer first sends the request to the gateway, which my computer knows is the next step to reach the Internet. I might send a request for 70.42.185.230 port 80 from my computer at 192.168.1.100 port 11283. The NAT gateway receives the requests, makes a note of the port that I used to send the request, and opens a connection to Macworld's Web server using its own port. When the connection is opened back to that NAT-handled port, the NAT gateway passes the traffic back to my computer on the private network.
These dynamically created NAT ports don't allow persistent connections, which are needed for reaching computers from outside a private network. That's where NAT-PMP (Port Mapping Protocol) and UPnP (Universal Plug and Play) come into being. NAT-PMP is an Apple-developed protocol open to the industry; UPnP is more widely used at present, though has many acknowledged limitations. Back to My Mac works with either standard.
Both NAT-PMP and UPnP allow a program on a computer on a private network to request a persistent open connection to the outside world. The gateway creates a fixed port for this program, and lets the program know which port is being used. That allows an outside connection to that port to reach a privately addressed computer reliably.
Where you can run into trouble here is that Internet service providers often use NAT themselves, built into the modems they provide to you or at a higher level of the network. You can sometimes be behind three levels of NAT, and that might be impenetrable to Apple's current iteration of Back to My Mac.
Franks big job mac os. You have Bonjour in use, you have a static port that can be reached, but how does Back to My Mac know about that port? Let's tackle that.
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Wide-Area Bonjour Bonjour is designed to work on local networks, right? But wide-area Bonjour works over, well, wide-area networks. It does so by registering information in a DNS (domain name system) server. DNS servers are used to provide the Internet glue that connects human-readable domain names, like www.macworld.com, with their underlying IP addresses. They can also store related information about a domain. Properly equipped DNS servers can handle wide-area Bonjour records, and AirPort Extreme Base Stations can interact with these servers to update those records.
Apple has told me that there's little support among DNS hosts and ISPs yet—the company couldn't provide me with the name of any that support it—and thus the firm has enabled such support in a limited fashion at .Mac. .Mac handles DNS for Back to My Mac, creating a temporary domain name for your computer to handle its wide-area Bonjour records.
Deep breath for the last piece that ties it all together.
Dynamic DNS Because ISPs often provide IP addresses that persist only over short periods of time—so-called dynamic IP addresses—dynamic DNS (DDNS) arose as a way to allow you to alert a DNS host that an IP address has changed without manually modifying a DNS record.
DDNS software abounds for Mac, Windows, and other platforms, and in essence simply monitors your network for an IP address changing. When it does it pokes the DNS server which updates its record. This lets a static name map to a dynamic address.
Apple uses DDNS with Back to My Mac to create a private host name that's not exposed, but that can be used by each Back to My Mac enabled Leopard computer. The DDNS record contains all the wide-area Bonjour information.
Tying it together. When you enable Back to My Mac, your computer:
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And it's as simple as that.
[ Glenn Fleishman is the author of Take Control of Sharing Files in Leopard and writes daily about wireless networking at his site Wi-Fi Networking News. ]
